Assessment combines presentations, group projects, and course-related assignments such as policy briefs, literature critiques, and simulation exercises, alongside quantitative and qualitative data analysis — including testing research hypotheses on data sets and analysing policy narratives and interviews using qualitative software. Written assignments, case studies, group discussions, and problem-based learning develop and assess communication skills. Academic proposals and papers submitted to conferences, and the pursuit of research funding, extend assessment beyond the classroom. Ethical approval for the PhD proposal, and the consistent application of ethical principles, are assessed throughout the research process.